Asian girl wearing hanfu

lettersChinese headwear has a long history. According to some scholars, China used to be called “the Kingdom of Headwear” by people due to its variety of colourful and artistic style of hair ornament. Chinese: 帽; lit. There were various categories for headwear including guan (Chinese: 冠; pinyin: guān; lit. Chinese: 巾; lit. Chinese: 冕; lit. Chinese: 帻; lit. 6 Chinese people also wore Chinese hairpins. Chinese women, in particular, like to use flowers (either natural or artificial) as hair decorations for centuries; they also wore shubi in their hair and sometimes wore the honggaitou on their weddings. Mian Guan (冕冠) Shier liu mian (十二旒冕) Twelve-tasselled Crown. Initially all Mian Guan were worn by emperors, modern cheongsam dress later emperors only wore this type. Jiuliu mian (九旒冕) Nine-tasselled Crown. Others Baliu mian (八旒冕): Eight-tasselled Crown. Worn by dukes and crown prince’s servants. Worn by princes and dukes. Qiliu mian (七旒冕): Seven-tasselled Crown. Wuliu mian (五旒冕): Five-tasselled Crown. Pibian (皮弁) Leather Crown. Embedded with jades. Worn by all nobles. Worn by viscounts and barons. Worn by emperors in special occasions. Sky-reaching Crown/High Mountain Crown. Worn by emperors and princes. Similar to Tongtian Guan. Yuanyou Guan (远游冠) Travel Crown. Diaochan Guan (貂蟬冠) Mink’s Tail and Cicada’s Wing Crown. Worn by emperor’s servants and government officials. See also: Long Guan, Wu Guan. Also worn by dukes in Han dynasty. Worn by Confucian scholars and civil government officials. Jinxian Guan (進賢冠) Recommending Crown. After the Xin dynasty, it was worn with the jieze (介帻) with the crown folded on top, later becoming one headwear. Zhongjing Guan (忠靖冠) Loyal and stable crown. Worn by retired officials. Wu guan (武冠)/Wu bian (武弁)/Wubian daguan (武弁大冠) Military Crown. Wuguan was derived from the Zhaohuiwenguan (趙惠文冠), designed by King Wuling of Zhao, which was ornamented with a dang (璫; a gold ornament in the form of animals, such as dragons, cicada, and people) on the front and with sable’s tail. Shufa Guan (束发冠) Hair-gathering Crown. By the Han dynasty, military caps called wubian were commonly worn by soldiery, with formal guan variants worn by high-ranking military officials and imperial bodyguards, which were decorated with long-tailed pheasant’s tail feathers as a symbol of martial prowess. A small cap to gather hair inside, fixed with long hairpin. Mini size, sometimes in shapes of Liangguan. Daily wear of all male. Designed and first worn by Emperor Gaozu of Han based on Chu headwear. Later worn by Han dynasty’s emperors and high officials during ceremonies. Chang Guan (长冠) Long Crown, also known as “Liu family crown” (刘氏冠) or “Magpie tail crown” (鹊尾冠). Long Guan (籠冠) “Basket hat”. Developed from the Wubian(“武弁”)-hat, alternatively also known as Wuguan “武冠”, worn by military officials. Lianhua Guan (莲花冠) Lotus Crown. Helmets or tall peaked caps; it extends down over the ears and neck. First worn by highest rank Taoist Master, later also worn by the nobility. Currently used by Taoist priests. An early form of informal headwear dates back as early as Jin dynasty that later developed into several variations for wear in different occasions. Futou (襆頭) Chuijiao Putou (垂腳襆頭) Head cover/Head wrap. Designed by Emperor Taizu. Zhanjiao Putou (展角幞頭) “Spread-horn head cover”. Zhanchi Putou (展翅幞頭) “Spread-wing head cover”. Commonly as “wushamao” (乌纱帽), or “black-muslin hat”. Standard headwear of officials during the Ming dynasty. The term wushamao is still frequently used as Chinese slang referring to government positions. Yishan Guan (翼善冠) Philanthropy Crown, with wings folded upwards. Elongated horns on both sides can keep the distance between officials so they couldn’t whisper to each other during court assemblies. Worn by emperors and princes of the Ming dynasty, as well as kings of many China’s tributaries. Sometimes decorated with jewels and dragons. Gaowu mao (高屋帽) Baisha mao (白紗帽) Also known as white gauze hat. Tang jin (唐巾) Based on the futou, worn by commoners, particularly scholars. It was worn by the sovereigns of Liu-Song and Southern Qi, it was later inherited by the Sui dynasty. Wusha Gaowu mao (烏紗高屋帽) High reach black gauze hat. Damao (大帽) Round hat with wide brim. Adult White gauze hat. Worn by people of lower-ranking occupations, such as government clerks and family servants. Chanzongmao (缠棕帽) A damao made of rattan, sometimes decorated with feathers attached on top of the hat. Name originate from Ming dynasty’s founder Hongwu Emperor uniting China. Liuheyitong mao (六合一統帽) / Xiao mao (小帽)/ Guapi mao (瓜皮帽) ‘Six-part’ United hat. The hat would later develop into the “Guapi mao”(瓜皮帽) skullcap in the Qing dynasty. Zhanli (毡笠) Wide brimmed hat. Jin (巾)/ Tou jin (头巾)/ Zhajin (扎巾) Headscarf worn by commoners, tied around the head or sometimes the topknot to protect the hair. In the Song dynasty, the headscarf was also secured with a decorative ring. Jinze (巾帻) /Jieze (介帻) / Pingshanze (平上幘) A cylindrical cap; it has a higher back and lower front. Originally it was a soldiers’ headscarf that later developed into a head covering cap in the Han Dynasty and adopted into widespread use. A red jinze called chize (赤帻) was used by military personnel, while another variant called jieze(介帻) is used by civil officials and servants. Later developed into the pingshangze, which had a flatter top decorated with a bamboo slip, worn by military officials. Cheng zi guan (程子冠) / Fangshan jin (方山巾) Worn by Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao. Formal wear, popular with Neo-Confucian scholars. Chunyang jin (純陽巾) / Letian jin (樂天巾) Named after Lü Chunyang and Bai Letian. Developed from Dongpo jin. Popularly worn by scholar-gentry and Taoists. Worn by commoners, particularly scholar-gentry. Dongpo jin (東坡巾) Named after and supposedly worn by Su Dongpo, but originated from Five Dynasties period. Fu jin (幅巾) Popularly worn by scholar-gentry. Jie jin (結巾) / Jiang jin (將巾) Also known as “general’s headscarf”. Hunyuan jin (混元巾) Worn by Quanzhen School Taoists, popularised during the Qing dynasty. Worn by tying the two ends of the kerchief on top of the head. Guan jin (綸巾)/Zhuge jin (諸葛巾) Originally a style of fujin, later resembling a liangguan. Commonly worn by military personnel. Named after Zhuge Liang, who wore a guanjin. Huayang jin (華陽巾) Worn by Taoists. Piaopiao jin (飘飘巾) / Piao jin (飘巾) Popular among scholar-gentry. Named after the flowing ribbons behind it. Li jin (吏巾) Worn by minor government officials, it resembles a wushamao but made with softer material and square top. Ru jin (儒巾) Ruist scarf. Later inspired opera costume such as qiaoliangjin (桥梁巾) for its refined and cultured appearance. Popularly worn by scholars, especially those who have yet to earn the title of Juren at the imperial examination. Believed to be based on a headwear called zhangfu (章甫). Sifang pingding jin (四方平定巾) / Fang jin (方巾) / Sifang jin (四方巾) First worn and named by Yang Weizhen. Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang was pleased by its appearance and name, and ordered it to be used by scholars and minor government clerks. Xiaoyao jin (逍遥巾) Also known as “Heye jin” (荷叶巾), “Huadingtou jin” (花顶头巾). Worn by commoners, later adopted by Taoists. Wangjin (網巾) Worn under headwear to secure and protect the hair. Originally worn by scholars to differentiate from peasants. Yun jin (雲巾) Modeled after the Zhongjin guan, but worn by the scholar-gentry. Named after the “cloud” shapes formed on the sides. Zhouzi jin (周子巾) Worn by commoners. Zhuangzi jin (莊子巾) Also called “Dao jin” (道巾). Named after Zhuangzi. Worn by common scholars and Taoists, later exclusively by Taoist priests. Zaoli jin (皁隸巾) Named after and worn by yamen runners. Beiye jin (貝葉巾) Resembling palm tree leaves. Chanfu jin (蟬腹巾) Resembling cicada’s thorax. Worn by commoners, particularly scholar-gentry. Worn by commoners, particularly scholar-gentry. Worn by commoners, particularly scholar-gentry. Kui jin (葵巾) Resembling flower petals. Qinwei jin (琴尾巾) Resembling a part of qin. Worn by commoners, particularly scholar-gentry. Ruyi jin (如意巾) Worn by commoners, particularly scholar-gentry. Sandaopenglai jin (三島蓬萊巾) Representing the three islands of Mount Penglai. Xiantao jin (仙桃巾) Resembling Peaches of Immortality. Worn by commoners, particularly scholar-gentry. Worn by commoners, particularly scholar-gentry. Hutou mao (虎头帽) Tiger head hat. Chixiao mao (鴟鴞帽) Owl hat. Zhuangyuan mao (状元帽) Champion hat. Ji (笄) Hairpins. Xianggong mao (相公帽) Husband hat. They were often inscribed with auspicious patterns. Long, single-pronged hairpin after Qin dynasty. Chai (钗) U-shaped or V-shaped hairpin. Zan (簪) Ornamental hairpins. Typically made of bronze. Yanbin (掩鬓) The hairpin covering sideburns. Buyao (步摇); “step-sway” or “dangling hairpin” or literally “dangling with one’s walking steps”. Buyao Zan (步摇簪) Buyao hairpin. Buyao Tree. Tree-shaped dangling decoration centered at front of hair. Single-pronged hairpin with dangling decorations. Buyao Crown. Crown consisted of dangling decorations. Zan hua (簪花) Flower hairpin. Man could also wear. Huasheng (華勝) Round flower hairpin centered front of hair. Hua Guan (花冠) Flower Crown. Could be fresh flower, silk flower, and flowers made with other materials. Long Feng Huacha Guan (龙凤花钗冠) Dragon Phoenix Hairpin Crown. Feicui Fengguan (翡翠凤冠) Jade Phoenix Crown. Mo E (抹额) Piece of garment covering forehead. Lianhua mao (莲花帽) Lotus hat. Bi (篦) Fine-toothed comb. Weimao (帷帽) A hat with a hanging veil which covers the face. Shu (梳) Comb. A purple gauze which hangs on a hat from the front to the back with 4 ribbons of different colours hanging down from on the shoulders. Mianyi (面衣) or gaitou (蓋頭) Veils or “facial clothes”. Originated from the Tang dynasty’s weimao (帷帽). Humao (胡帽) “Barbarian hat”. A hat without the veil. A hat worn by the Hakka women, a Han ethnic subgroup when working in the fields. It is made of a flat disc of woven bamboo with a hole in the centre and has a black (or blue) cotton fringe. Liangmao (涼帽) “Cool hat”. Han, Myung-Sook; Im, Sung-Kyung (2005-10-01). “A Study on the Artificial Flowers as a Hair Ornament in China”. Mai, Huijuan; Yang, Yimin; Jiang, Hongen; Wang, Bo; Wang, Changsui (2017-10-01). “Investigating the materials and manufacture of Jinzi: The lining of Futou (Chinese traditional male headwear) from the Astana Cemeteries, Xinjiang, China”. Proceedings of the Costume Culture Conference (복식문화학회:학술대회논문집). Journal of Cultural Heritage. Bangwei Zhang, Fusheng Liu, Chongbang Cai, Zengyu Wang, Peter Ditmanson, Bang Qian Zhu (Updated ed.). Rites of Zhou Annotation. 云”缫不言皆,有不皆”者,谓王之五冕,缫则有十二,有九,有七,有五,有三,其玉旒皆十二,故缫不言皆。 有不皆者,则九旒已下是也。 玉言皆,则五冕旒皆十二玉也。 每缫九成,则九旒也。 Book of Jin. Zhu, Ruixi; 朱瑞熙 (2016). A social history of middle-period China : the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. 王公八旒。 Book of Jin. 高山冠,一曰侧注。 制如通天,顶不邪却,直竖,无山述展筒,中外官、谒者、仆射所服。 Feng, Ge; Du, Zhengming (2015). Traditional Chinese rites and rituals. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 卿七旒。 通天冠,本秦制。 Book of Later Han. Book of Jin. 远游冠,傅玄云秦冠也。 似通天而前无山述,有展筒横于冠前。 皇太子及王者后、帝之兄弟、帝之子封郡王者服之。 诸王加官者自服其官之冠服,惟太子及王者后常冠焉。 太子则以翠羽为緌,缀以白珠,其馀但青丝而已。 Yiwen Leiju. 秦始皇复古冠貂蝉,汉因而不改。 此内官侍帷幄,受顾问,拾遗于左右,出则负玺以从,秩二千石。 Book of Han. 今王氏一姓乘朱轮华毂者二十三人,青紫貂蝉充盈幄内,鱼鳞左右。 Book of Later Han. 王莽頂禿,又加其屋也。 《漢注》曰,冠進賢者宜長耳,今介幘也。 冠惠文者宜短耳,今平上幘也。 始時各隨所宜,遂因冠為別。 介幘服文吏,平上幘服武官也。 “进贤冠,古缁布遗象也,斯盖文儒者之服。 前高七寸,后高三寸,长八寸,有五梁、三梁、二梁、一梁。 人主元服,始加缁布,则冠五梁进贤。 三公及封郡公、县公、郡侯、县侯、乡亭侯,则冠三梁。 卿、大夫、八座,尚书,关中内侯、二千石及千石以上,则冠两梁。 中书郎、秘书丞郎、著作郎、尚书丞郎、太子洗马舍人、六百石以下至于令史、门郎、小史、并冠一梁。 汉建初中,太官令冠两梁,亲省御膳为重也。 博士两梁,崇儒也。 宗室刘氏亦得两梁冠,示加服也。 History of Ming. 进贤冠,古缁布冠也,文儒者之服也。 前高七寸,后高三寸,长八寸。 公侯三梁,中二千石以下至博士两梁,自博士以下至小史私学弟子,皆一梁。 宗室刘氏亦两梁冠,示加服也。 Book of Jin. 帝因复制《忠静冠服图》颁礼部,敕谕之曰:”祖宗稽古定制,品官朝祭之服,各有等差。第常人之情,多谨于明显,怠于幽独。古圣王慎之,制玄端以为燕居之服。比来衣服诡异,上下无辨,民志何由定。朕因酌古玄端之制,更名’忠静’,庶几乎进思尽忠,退思补过焉。朕已著为图说,如式制造。在京许七品以上官及八品以上翰林院、国子监、行人司,在外许方面官及各府堂官、州县正堂、儒学教官服之。武官止都督以上。其馀不许滥服。”礼部以图说颁布天下,如敕奉行。 按忠静冠仿古玄冠,冠匡如制,以乌纱冒之,两山俱列于后。 冠顶仍方中微起,三梁各压以金线,边以金缘之。 四品以下,去金,缘以浅色丝线。 Book of Later Han. 趙惠文王 , 武靈王 子也。 其初制必甚麤簡,金玉之飾,當即 惠文 後來所增,故冠因之而名。 120″. Book of Later Han. “武冠,俗謂之大冠,環纓無蕤,以青系為緄,加雙鶡尾,豎左右,為鶡冠云。 五官、左右虎賁、羽林、五中郎將、羽林左右監皆冠鶡冠,紗縠單衣。 虎賁將虎文絝,白虎文劍佩刀。 虎賁武騎皆鶡冠,虎文單衣。 襄邑歲獻織成虎文云。 鶡者,勇雉也,其鬥對一死乃止,故趙武靈王以表武士,秦施之焉。 鹖,毅鸟也,毅不知死。 状类鸡,首有冠,性敢于斗,死犹不置,是不知死也。 《左传》:鹖冠,武土戴之,象其勇也。

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